From Empire to Exile: History and Memory Within the Pied-Noir and Harki Communities, 1962-2012From empire to exile explores the legacies of the Algerian War of Independence in France. In July 1962, when French rule in Algeria ended after almost eight years of intensely violent conflict, it produced one of the largest migratory waves of the post 1945 era. Almost a million French settlers pieds noirs and tens of thousands of harkis native auxiliaries who had fought with the French army felt compelled to leave their homeland and cross the