Spaces in Translation: Japanese Gardens and the WestOne may visit famous gardens in Tokyo, Kyoto, or Osaka or one may visit Japanese styled gardens in New York, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Berlin, London, Paris, So Paulo, or Singapore. We often view these gardens as representative of the essence of Japanese culture. Christian Tagsold argues, however, that the idea of the Japanese garden has less do to with Japan's history and traditions, and more to do with its interactions with the West. The first